Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW)/日本からの意見

On My Mind - Seventy Years Since World War II
TOMODA Seki / Former Director, Japan Institute of International Affairs

July 20, 2015
Seventy years ago in August 1945, Japan was literally reborn as a liberal democratic country upon its defeat in the Pacific War. For over a decade up to that point, the country had been ruled by a totalitarian and authoritarian regime of hardline militarists, and had embarked on an expansionist adventure symbolized by its invasion of mainland China, which culminated in its showdown with the United States and ultimate defeat. The reborn Japan no longer has the will, nor does it have the capacity, to seek expansion beyond its borders or revert to authoritarian rule within.

Freedom and democracy took root in Japan for two major reasons. One, because it was occupied after its defeat by America, a country that had steadfastly maintained these values since its founding. During the same period after World War II, East Europe and the northern half of the Korean Peninsula were occupied by the Soviet Union and became part of the Communist Bloc, where freedom and individual rights were severely limited.

The second reason, which has gone mostly unrecognized outside Japan, was that the vast majority of Japanese had experienced a sense of liberation in their country’s defeat.

During the war, the militarist regime demanded complete obedience to the government, placed its people under surveillance, and silenced any opposition. The scarcity of food left many Japanese to starve, while much of the resources for daily necessities were sacrificed for the war effort. Moreover, as the U.S. Forces stepped up their air raids across the mainland towards the end of the war, many cities, both large and small, were reduced to dust. The most extreme of these cases were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a ten year old who had been evacuated from Tokyo to Hiroshima at the time, I saw with my own eyes the tremendous destruction wrought by mankind’s first use of a nuclear bomb.

While it may have been in the form of defeat, the end of the war came as a relief for most Japanese people. It was amid this sense of liberation that they actively embraced the policies laid out by the U.S. occupational forces that championed freedom and democracy, which were in stark contrast to the oppression they had experienced under the militarist regime.

As it started anew as a democratic nation, Japan decided to focus most of its energy on economic development, instead of building its military power. It kept the ratio of military spending below 1% of GDP – the lowest level in the world – more or less consistently throughout the past seventy years. Japan also developed an earnest interest in contributing to the world as it sought a new sense of national identity. Once its economic development got under way, it poured its resources into Official Development Aid to strengthen the foundations of economic strength among Asian countries. The annual amount of Japanese aid remained at the top of the world until 2000.

Beyond this milestone year marking the seventieth anniversary of the end of World War II, Japan will be confronted with many difficult issues arising from the changing international environment, which can be summarized into two major developments - the relative decline in the global influence of the United States and the contrasting rapid rise in Chinese might. China is a colossal country that claims one-fifth of the global population as its own that once wielded overwhelming influence throughout Asia. It is disconcerting to see this country pursuing an apparent quest to reclaim its hegemony in Asia by taking advantage of the gaps created by waning U.S. influence.

In response to these changes in the international environment, Japan must simultaneously meet two requirements. On one hand, it must protect the values of freedom and democracy it has treasured over the past seventy years by avoiding the path of militarization and firmly staying its course as a peace seeker. On the other hand, it must also prevent an expansion in Chinese hegemony, especially its maritime hegemony, which is posing a new threat to Japan’s national security. The most realistic course would be to construct a new, mutually beneficial mechanism incorporating the strength of its ally, the United States.

The Japan-U.S. alliance that was forged after Japan’s defeat seventy years’ ago was sustained by a mechanism in which Japan provided bases for the U.S. Forces while the U.S. provided protection for Japan. And it was maintained under the international environment of a Cold War between East and West. Today, the very nature of this mechanism appears to have reached a turning point.

Seki Tomoda is former Director of the Japan Institute of International Affairs.
The English-Speaking Union of Japan




戦後70年―わたしはこう考える
友田 錫 / 元日本国際問題研究所所長 

2015年 7月 20日
70年前の1945年8月、日本は、太平洋戦争での敗北を機に、自由と民主主義の体制の国へと、文字どおり生まれ変わった。それまで十数年にわたって軍部強硬派主導の全体主義的、かつ専制的な体制下にあった日本は、中国大陸への侵略が象徴する拡張主義に奔り、ついに米国との対決に至って敗れた。生まれ変わった日本には、もはや外への拡張を目指したり、内で専制体制に戻ろうとする意思も可能性も皆無である。

日本に自由と民主主義が定着し得た理由は、大きく分けて二つある。ひとつは、敗北した日本を占領したのが、建国いらいこれらの価値観を強固に保持してきた米国であったことだ。同じ第二次世界大戦後、ソ連に占領された東ヨーロッパや朝鮮半島の北半分は、共産主義体制に組み込まれ、自由も個人の権利も、大きく制限されていた。

 第二の理由は、外部の世界ではあまり認識されていないが、当時の日本の国民の大部分が、敗北からある種の解放感を味わったことである。

 戦争中、軍部主導の政治は国民に徹底的に政府への服従を強い、監視し、異論を圧殺した。食糧が乏しいため国民の多くは飢え、生活用の資源の多くも、戦争遂行のために犠牲にされた。その上戦争の後半、米軍による本土爆撃の激化で、都市の多くは大小を問わず灰燼に帰した。その最たるものが広島、長崎への原爆投下である。当時10歳で東京から広島に疎開していた筆者は、人類史上初めての核爆弾使用の惨禍を目の当たりにした。

 たとえ敗北という形であったにせよ、戦争終結は国民の多くをほっとさせた。日本の国民は、その解放感と相俟って、それまでの軍部主導の圧政とは対照的に自由と民主主義を掲げる米軍の占領行政を、積極的に受け入れたのである。

 民主主義国家として再出発した日本は、国のエネルギーの主力を、軍事力ではなく経済発展に集中することにした。国内総生産に占める軍事費の割合は、70年間ほぼ一貫して、1%以下という世界最低の水準に抑えた。また、生まれ変わった自国の新しい存在意義として、世界への貢献を真剣に意識するようになった。そして経済発展が軌道に乗ると、アジア諸国の経済力の基礎を強化するために、政府開発援助の供与に力を入れた。その毎年の額は2000年までは世界第一位を占めていた。

 戦後70年の節目を越えた先には、国際環境の変化による困難な課題が日本を待ち受けている。国際環境の変化、それは米国の世界的影響力の相対的低下と、これと対照的な中国の急速な強大化、の二つに集約される。懸念されるのは、世界の人口の5人に1人を占め、かつてアジア全域に威を揮った巨大な中国が、米国の影響力低下の間隙を縫って、アジアでの覇権的地位の再確立を目指しているかに見えることである。

 日本はこの国際環境の変化に対応するにあたって、二つの必要を同時に満たさなければならない。一方では過去70年間大事にしてきた自由、民主主義の価値観を守り、軍事大国化を避けて平和を追求するという路線を堅持すること、他方では日本の安全保障に新たな脅威となりつつある中国の覇権、とりわけ海洋覇権の拡大を抑止すること、である。この二つの必要をともに適えるための最も現実的な方法は、同盟国である米国の力との新たな相互補完の仕組みを構築することだろう。

 70年前の日本の敗戦のあと築かれた日米の同盟関係は、日本が米軍に基地を提供し、米国は日本を守るという仕組みによって支えられてきた。その背景には東西冷戦という国際環境があった。いまその仕組みの性格は、曲がり角にさしかかっているように思える。

(筆者は元日本国際問題研究所所長。)
一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟


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