Revitalize Japan through "multicultural power"
MENJU Toshihiro / Managing Director and Chief Program Officer, Japan Center for International Exchange
January 8, 2016
The big challenge of declining population confronts Japan. But the decline has only just begun. The 2012 report of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research projects a sharply quickening pace of decline in the order of nearly 10 million over a period of 10 years, that is, from 8.3million in the 2030s to 9.2 million in the 2040s.
The question is the demographic composition of this decline. The young population will continue to decrease, and the elderly will continue to increase. Due to falling birthrates, more than 500 primary, junior and senior high schools have continued to be abolished every year. On the other hand, the number of the elderly over the age of 85 is expected to reach 10 million in 2035.
Some say, "Japan is overcrowded and population decline will be conducive to a more livable environment." Or there are those who say, "The Japanese are suffering from competition fatigue. They should free themselves from single-minded pursuit of economic growth and seek richness of the heart rather than material wealth."
In reality, however, we may very well be faced with the loss of the services that are now available. For example, the nationwide railway network has been shrinking, with the closing down of 35 lines covering 674 kilometers between 2000 and 2012. Bus lines have suffered a worse fate, with closures amounting to 2000 kilometers every year. Accelerated population decline could result in rapid loss of convenience in Japanese life, with deteriorating quality of life.
It may be argued that there is no need to pursue economic growth. But what would we do about the government debt exceeding \1000 trillion? If the population declines to less than 100 million, it may no longer be possible to sustain the size of the economy. It may no longer be possible either to amortize government bonds. Thus fiscal collapse could become a reality.
The Japanese government places its priority on vitalizing the local economies and aims to raise women's total fertility rate to 1.8. Given the difficulty of changing individual mindsets in a highly diversified society, doubts are being cast on the achievability of these goals. Further, as long as the number of women giving birth continues to decline, it would regrettably be too much to expect some modest improvement in fertility rate to result in population increase.
In contrast, Singapore, with a fertility rate of 1.2, which is lower than Japan's 1.43, is expected to have an increasing population and continued economic growth. Its total population of 5.31 million is projected to increase by about 30% at the maximum to 6.9 million in 2030. This is because Singapore’s growth strategy firmly incorporates the policy of accepting immigrants from abroad. Despite the presence of many immigrants, Singapore's crime rate is very low.
As a multi-ethnic nation, Singapore has a plurality of languages, and may appear on that score to be a highly inefficient society. Japan achieved its economic growth through building highly efficient organizations based on homogeneity and sense of unity. In the 21st century, however, it is innovation stemming from diversity that is the source of growth, as is the case in Singapore. Singapore's per capita national income is far higher than that of Japan. In that sense, if we were simply to adhere to the Japanese homogeneity model, we could not expect to have bright prospects for Japan's future.
This is why I propose "multi-cultural power", consisting of multicultural synergies. Foreigners who come to settle in Japan have values, experiences and networks that Japanese do not have come. If we develop an environment where these foreigners can fully realize their potential, there will be Japanese who will be motivated by seeing these foreigners in action to regain their vitality. Win-win cooperative relationships between these foreigners and Japanese can drive away the prevailing sense of stagnation and inject renewed vigor into Japanese society.
Despite persistent resistance to accepting immigrants, there has been a 20-year history of multicultural promotion at the grassroots level in Japan. Local governments and NPOs throughout the country have been engaged in these activities, and 40% of the local governments in Japan have already drawn up their plans for multicultural promotion. What is absent is a comprehensive set of policies at the level of the national government.
Population will continue to decline at an accelerated pace in Japan. We should engage in a national discussion on accepting immigrants with a view to seriously tackling the questions of how best to accept immigrants and what kind of relations we should build with them. We have tended so far to avoid tackling the issues head on because of the presumed risks involved. It may be this very stance that is in fact posing the biggest risk.
If the prospect is dim for Japan's future, talented Japanese youths will get out of Japan at an accelerated pace. Some data indicate that an increasing number of youths in their 20s hope to emigrate abroad. Without going abroad, we can produce new wisdoms and businesses in Japan through the intermingling of diverse cultures. Japan should concentrate its efforts on building a system that makes it possible.
The writer is Managing Director and Chief Program Officer, Japan Center for International Exchange..
The question is the demographic composition of this decline. The young population will continue to decrease, and the elderly will continue to increase. Due to falling birthrates, more than 500 primary, junior and senior high schools have continued to be abolished every year. On the other hand, the number of the elderly over the age of 85 is expected to reach 10 million in 2035.
Some say, "Japan is overcrowded and population decline will be conducive to a more livable environment." Or there are those who say, "The Japanese are suffering from competition fatigue. They should free themselves from single-minded pursuit of economic growth and seek richness of the heart rather than material wealth."
In reality, however, we may very well be faced with the loss of the services that are now available. For example, the nationwide railway network has been shrinking, with the closing down of 35 lines covering 674 kilometers between 2000 and 2012. Bus lines have suffered a worse fate, with closures amounting to 2000 kilometers every year. Accelerated population decline could result in rapid loss of convenience in Japanese life, with deteriorating quality of life.
It may be argued that there is no need to pursue economic growth. But what would we do about the government debt exceeding \1000 trillion? If the population declines to less than 100 million, it may no longer be possible to sustain the size of the economy. It may no longer be possible either to amortize government bonds. Thus fiscal collapse could become a reality.
The Japanese government places its priority on vitalizing the local economies and aims to raise women's total fertility rate to 1.8. Given the difficulty of changing individual mindsets in a highly diversified society, doubts are being cast on the achievability of these goals. Further, as long as the number of women giving birth continues to decline, it would regrettably be too much to expect some modest improvement in fertility rate to result in population increase.
In contrast, Singapore, with a fertility rate of 1.2, which is lower than Japan's 1.43, is expected to have an increasing population and continued economic growth. Its total population of 5.31 million is projected to increase by about 30% at the maximum to 6.9 million in 2030. This is because Singapore’s growth strategy firmly incorporates the policy of accepting immigrants from abroad. Despite the presence of many immigrants, Singapore's crime rate is very low.
As a multi-ethnic nation, Singapore has a plurality of languages, and may appear on that score to be a highly inefficient society. Japan achieved its economic growth through building highly efficient organizations based on homogeneity and sense of unity. In the 21st century, however, it is innovation stemming from diversity that is the source of growth, as is the case in Singapore. Singapore's per capita national income is far higher than that of Japan. In that sense, if we were simply to adhere to the Japanese homogeneity model, we could not expect to have bright prospects for Japan's future.
This is why I propose "multi-cultural power", consisting of multicultural synergies. Foreigners who come to settle in Japan have values, experiences and networks that Japanese do not have come. If we develop an environment where these foreigners can fully realize their potential, there will be Japanese who will be motivated by seeing these foreigners in action to regain their vitality. Win-win cooperative relationships between these foreigners and Japanese can drive away the prevailing sense of stagnation and inject renewed vigor into Japanese society.
Despite persistent resistance to accepting immigrants, there has been a 20-year history of multicultural promotion at the grassroots level in Japan. Local governments and NPOs throughout the country have been engaged in these activities, and 40% of the local governments in Japan have already drawn up their plans for multicultural promotion. What is absent is a comprehensive set of policies at the level of the national government.
Population will continue to decline at an accelerated pace in Japan. We should engage in a national discussion on accepting immigrants with a view to seriously tackling the questions of how best to accept immigrants and what kind of relations we should build with them. We have tended so far to avoid tackling the issues head on because of the presumed risks involved. It may be this very stance that is in fact posing the biggest risk.
If the prospect is dim for Japan's future, talented Japanese youths will get out of Japan at an accelerated pace. Some data indicate that an increasing number of youths in their 20s hope to emigrate abroad. Without going abroad, we can produce new wisdoms and businesses in Japan through the intermingling of diverse cultures. Japan should concentrate its efforts on building a system that makes it possible.
The writer is Managing Director and Chief Program Officer, Japan Center for International Exchange..
The English-Speaking Union of Japan
「多文化パワー」で日本の再活性化をはかれ
毛受敏浩 / 日本国際交流センター執行理事
2016年 1月 8日
日本の大きな課題として人口減少が浮上している。しかし、日本の人口減少は始まったばかりにすぎない。国立社会保障・人口問題研究所の2012年の報告書によれば、2030年代には830万人、2040年代には920万人と10年間に1000万人近い大激減となる。
問題は人口減の中身だ。若者は減り続ける一方で、高齢者は増加を続ける。少子化によって毎年、500を越える小中高校が廃校となる状況が続いている。一方、35年には85歳以上の高齢者人口は1000万人に達する。
「日本は人口過密国家だ。人口減でより過ごしやすい住環境が生まれる」「過当競争で日本人は疲れている。ものの豊かさより心の豊かさを追求すべきで、経済成長一辺倒から脱皮すべきだ」との意見がある。
しかし、現実には今あるサービスが消えていく可能性が高い。例えば、全国で廃止される 鉄道網は00年から12年の間に35路線、674Kmに及んでいる。廃止されるバス路線に至っては毎年、2000Kmに上る 。今後、人口減少が加速化すれば日本人の生活の利便性は急速に失われ、生活の質の悪化は避けられない。
成長を目指す必要もないという議論もある。しかし、1000兆円を越える国の借金はどうするのか。人口が1億人を切り、経済規模が維持できないと国債を償還できなくなってしまう。そうなると財政破綻が現実のものになる。
政府は地方創生に力をいれ、希望出生率1.8を目指すとするが、多様化した世の中で個人の意識を変えるのは難しく、その達成は危ぶまれている。また子どもを産む女性の数自体が今後、減少していく以上、多少の出生率の改善で人口が増えることは残念ながら望めない。
一方、シンガポールの出生率 は1.2と日本の1.43より低い。にもかかわらず、国の人口は増え、経済成長が続くと予想している。現在531万人の総人口は2030年には最大で約3割増の690万人と見込まれるとしている 。それは移民の受け入れ政策をしっかりと組み込むことで国の成長戦略を考えているからである。また多くの移民にもかかわらずシンガポールの犯罪率は極めて低い。
シンガポールは多民族国家のために複数の言語があり、一見、たいへん効率が悪い社会である。日本の経済成長は同質性と一体感によって効率のよい組織を作ることで成し遂げられたが、21世紀には多様性によるイノベーションこそが成長の源泉となる。シンガポールの1人あたりの国民所得は日本をはるかに上回っている。その意味で日本的な同質モデルに固執するだけでは日本の将来は開けない。
筆者が提言するのは「多文化パワー」である。多文化パワーとは、日本人にはない価値観、経験、ネットワークを持ち日本に定住する外国人が日本でその潜在力をフルに発揮できる環境を整えること、外国人の活躍に刺激を受けた日本人も活力を取り戻し、ウインウインの関係が作られることで、閉塞感が打破され日本社会が再活性化するというものだ。
移民の受け入れについては根強い反対論があるが、実は日本では草の根レベルで多文化共生の20年にわたる歴史がある。この活動は全国の自治体、NPOによって展開されてきており、全国の4割の自治体ではすでに「多文化共生推進プラン」の策定を終えている。欠けているのは政府レベルの包括的な政策である。
これから加速度的に人口減少が進む日本。移民受け入れについての国民的な議論を起し、外国人をどう受け入れ、彼らとどのような関係を築くかという課題に真剣に取り組むべきだ。リスクがあるから避けるという従来の姿勢こそが最大のリスクといえる。
日本の将来が暗ければ、有能な若者の日本脱出も加速するだろう。すでに20代の若者の間で海外移住への希望が増えているというデータも出ている。海外に行かずとも、日本国内で異文化が混ざり合い、その中から新しい知恵やビジネスが生まれるためのシステム作りに日本は力を注ぐべきだ。
(筆者は日本国際交流センター執行理事)
問題は人口減の中身だ。若者は減り続ける一方で、高齢者は増加を続ける。少子化によって毎年、500を越える小中高校が廃校となる状況が続いている。一方、35年には85歳以上の高齢者人口は1000万人に達する。
「日本は人口過密国家だ。人口減でより過ごしやすい住環境が生まれる」「過当競争で日本人は疲れている。ものの豊かさより心の豊かさを追求すべきで、経済成長一辺倒から脱皮すべきだ」との意見がある。
しかし、現実には今あるサービスが消えていく可能性が高い。例えば、全国で廃止される 鉄道網は00年から12年の間に35路線、674Kmに及んでいる。廃止されるバス路線に至っては毎年、2000Kmに上る 。今後、人口減少が加速化すれば日本人の生活の利便性は急速に失われ、生活の質の悪化は避けられない。
成長を目指す必要もないという議論もある。しかし、1000兆円を越える国の借金はどうするのか。人口が1億人を切り、経済規模が維持できないと国債を償還できなくなってしまう。そうなると財政破綻が現実のものになる。
政府は地方創生に力をいれ、希望出生率1.8を目指すとするが、多様化した世の中で個人の意識を変えるのは難しく、その達成は危ぶまれている。また子どもを産む女性の数自体が今後、減少していく以上、多少の出生率の改善で人口が増えることは残念ながら望めない。
一方、シンガポールの出生率 は1.2と日本の1.43より低い。にもかかわらず、国の人口は増え、経済成長が続くと予想している。現在531万人の総人口は2030年には最大で約3割増の690万人と見込まれるとしている 。それは移民の受け入れ政策をしっかりと組み込むことで国の成長戦略を考えているからである。また多くの移民にもかかわらずシンガポールの犯罪率は極めて低い。
シンガポールは多民族国家のために複数の言語があり、一見、たいへん効率が悪い社会である。日本の経済成長は同質性と一体感によって効率のよい組織を作ることで成し遂げられたが、21世紀には多様性によるイノベーションこそが成長の源泉となる。シンガポールの1人あたりの国民所得は日本をはるかに上回っている。その意味で日本的な同質モデルに固執するだけでは日本の将来は開けない。
筆者が提言するのは「多文化パワー」である。多文化パワーとは、日本人にはない価値観、経験、ネットワークを持ち日本に定住する外国人が日本でその潜在力をフルに発揮できる環境を整えること、外国人の活躍に刺激を受けた日本人も活力を取り戻し、ウインウインの関係が作られることで、閉塞感が打破され日本社会が再活性化するというものだ。
移民の受け入れについては根強い反対論があるが、実は日本では草の根レベルで多文化共生の20年にわたる歴史がある。この活動は全国の自治体、NPOによって展開されてきており、全国の4割の自治体ではすでに「多文化共生推進プラン」の策定を終えている。欠けているのは政府レベルの包括的な政策である。
これから加速度的に人口減少が進む日本。移民受け入れについての国民的な議論を起し、外国人をどう受け入れ、彼らとどのような関係を築くかという課題に真剣に取り組むべきだ。リスクがあるから避けるという従来の姿勢こそが最大のリスクといえる。
日本の将来が暗ければ、有能な若者の日本脱出も加速するだろう。すでに20代の若者の間で海外移住への希望が増えているというデータも出ている。海外に行かずとも、日本国内で異文化が混ざり合い、その中から新しい知恵やビジネスが生まれるためのシステム作りに日本は力を注ぐべきだ。
(筆者は日本国際交流センター執行理事)
一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟