Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW)/日本からの意見

What should Japan do as an ally of the “inward-looking United States”?
KAWATO Akio / Former Ambassador to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan

January 10, 2019
Recently I stayed for one week in an Airbnb accommodation in the suburbs of Boston and had the chance to see at first hand how the ordinary people lived. The MBTA subway, the oldest in the U.S., has become even more obsolete because of lack of funding by the city authorities, and you can see practically all the ethnic groups in the world sitting on the inhospitable-looking bare plastic seats. The Immigration and Nationalization Act was amended in 1965 to accept masses of non-white non-European immigrants. In the 50 years since then, the United States, at least in urban areas, has become a fully multi-racial country as expected. So much so that, on city streets, you come across people of white European origin only occasionally. Given the poor maintenance of the urban infrastructure and the shabby living conditions of low-income groups, you might have the delusion that you were in a developing country.

That said, old people’s homes for the high-income groups are towering like castles amidst the suburban forests. There, it is an overwhelmingly white community. There is a dichotomy of the society between those at the top and those at the bottom. The latter eke out a living with low wages of about 10 dollars per hour and typically share motel rooms with their co-workers. Little tangible presence is felt of the middle class who should fill the gap in between. In the American society of today where 10% of the high-income groups accounts for 47% of GDP(1), the living condition of the middle class is inevitably declining.

Since the 1970s, U.S. manufacturing industries have ceaselessly relocated abroad. This has brought the decline of the white middle class mainly in the industrial regions of the Midwest. That is probably why the American society today gives the impression of somehow being hollowed out.

The white workers of the Midwest turned their back on the Democratic Party, which they had traditionally supported, and elected Trump as President. Trump’s inward-looking slogan of “America First” touched a chord with them. Trump announced the US withdrawal from several international agreements including the TPP and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and substantially revised NAFTA. He further
stated his intention to withdraw US troops from Syria and Afghanistan.

With a number of his questionable activities being probed, Trump finds himself in a shaky position. However, whatever his fortune may be, as long as the Rust Belt states of the Midwest continue to have the casting vote in the presidential elections, the United States will keep on looking inward. The defense budget, which has seen a dramatic increase this fiscal year, shows signs of being decreased next fiscal year. As they observe U.S. troops withdraw from Syria and Afghanistan, the US allies will come to take far more in earnest Trump’s admonition that the allies should pay more for their own defense.

What should Japan do under these circumstances? China’s economy might start collapsing under the weight of confrontation with the US. This could lessen the threat of China’s military power. Even then, Japan should provide for its own defense in preparation for the gradual drawdown of the US military presence. 

The Medium Term Defense Program 2019-2024, decided by the Japanese government at the end of December 2018, is conceived along these lines. The Program posits, among others, the build-up of what would in effect be Japan’s own aircraft carrier (remodeling the existing helicopter carrier to enable the deployment of U.S. made F35-B fighter aircraft), and the deployment of long-range, supersonic cruise missiles. This would mean a markedly bolder defense posture for Japan than before. It would be difficult to revise Article 9 of the Constitution that stipulates “land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained”, but the capabilities for self-defense will be built up steadily.

However, with respect to the nuclear deterrent, we will have to rely on the United States. At the same time, we will need to engage in political efforts to make up for the drawdown of U.S. forces. One idea may be to conceive an East Asian version of the United Nations embracing the U.S., Australia and other nations.

On the economic front, Japan would need to make its own efforts to rectify its overreliance on exports to the U.S.. Japan’s trade surplus with the U.S. in 2017 amounted to more than 7 billion yen, far exceeding Japan’s overall trade surplus of 2.9072 billion yen for that year. This means that the huge surplus with the U.S. helps sustain the trade deficits with other countries. Japanese businesses should step up their production in the U.S. even more, thereby decreasing the excessive trade surplus and helping the revitalization of the U.S. economy.

For Japan to extricate itself from overdependence on the United States does not mean that Japan would go back to its prewar ultra nationalism. In fact, there was little tradition of absolutism or despotism in Japan’s history, and concentration of power was the exception rather than the rule. In the rural villages of the Edo period, consensus building in village meetings of owner farmers was prevalent rather than fiats coming from the vertical landowner-tenant relationship.

It was on the basis of such egalitarianism and tradition of grass-roots democracy that Japan managed to realize its advanced society with relatively few disparities. This has more in common with the Unites States and Western Europe than with China or Russia.

Thus freedom, democracy and market economy are deeply rooted in Japan. It is in Japan’s interest to help the revitalization of the United States that has staunchly upheld these similar values.

(1) “How to Save Globalization” in the November 2018 edition of Foreign Affairs


Akio Kawato is a former Japanese ambassador to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

The English-Speaking Union of Japan




「内向き米国」の下での日米同盟
河東哲夫 / 元駐ウズベキスタン・タジキスタン大使

2019年 1月 10日
最近、ボストン郊外の民宿に1週間泊まり、大衆の生活ぶりを拝見する機会があった。全米で最も古いボストンの地下鉄は、市が予算をまわさないため、ますます古び、不愛想なプラスチックむき出しの座席には「世界中の」人種・民族が坐っている。1965年、移民法を改正し、欧州白人以外の移民を大量に受け入れるようになって50年、米国(の都市部)は予想通り完全に多民族国家となり、街頭に欧州系白人はまばらにしか見られない。都市インフラのメンテの悪さ、そして低所得層の粗末な生活ぶりを見ると、途上国にいるのではないかという錯覚に襲われる。

そのくせ郊外の森の中には高所得層向け老人ホームが城のようにそびえ、ここは圧倒的に白人社会。時給10ドル程度の低賃金で、モテルの一室など仲間とシェアして何とか暮らす人達と、社会は上下に分かれてしまい、間を填めるべき中産階級の存在感がない。人口の10 %の高所得層がGDPの47%を独占する今の米国社会(1)では、中産階級の生活水準は自ずと下がっている。

米国では1970年代以降、製造業の海外への流出が止まらない。それは、中西部の工業地帯を中心に、主として白人中産階級の没落を招いた。今の米国社会がどこか空洞化した印象を与えるのは、このためだろう。

そして中西部の白人労働者層は、これまでの民主党支持から寝返って、トランプを大統領に当選させた。トランプの「アメリカ・ファースト」の内向きスローガンは、彼らの琴線に響いたのである。トランプはTPP、パリ協定などいくつかの国際取り決めからの脱退を表明し、NAFTAを実質的に改定した。そしてシリア、アフガニスタンからは米軍を撤退させると声明した。

今トランプは種々不正をつかれて揺らいでいる。しかし彼の去就に関わらず、これからも中部のラスト・ベルト諸州が大統領選でのキャスティング・ボートを握り続ける以上、米国は内向きであり続けるだろう。本年度急増した国防予算も、2019年度は減額になる構えを見せている。シリア、アフガニスタンからの米軍撤退を見て同盟国は、「自分のことは自分でやれ」というトランプの言葉を額面通りに受け取るようになるだろう。
 
この中で、日本はどうしたらいいか? 中国経済は、米国との対立に耐えかねて、これから崩れるかもしれない。それは、中国の軍事力の脅威を低下させるかもしれない。しかしそれでも日本は、米軍のプレゼンスが次第に後退していくことに備えて、自前の防衛力を整備していくべきだろう。

12月末政府が決定した「中期防衛計画」は、その方向に沿ったものである。右計画は、自前の空母(現存のヘリ空母を改修し、米国製の戦闘機F35-Bを運用するもの)の整備、長距離・超音速巡航ミサイルの配備などを提示しているが、これは従来の日本の防衛態勢に比べて一段と大胆になったものである。「陸海空軍その他の戦力を保持しない」と定めた憲法9条は、改正するのが難しいだろうが、自衛のための兵力は着々と整備されている。

但し核抑止力だけは、米軍に引き続き期待するしかない。そして同時に、米国の後退を政治面で補わないといけない。例えば米国、豪州等をも含めて、東アジア版の国連のようなものを構想する等である。

経済面では、日本は対米輸出への過度の依存を自ら是正しなければならない。2017年日本の対米貿易黒字は7兆円強で、2017年の日本の貿易黒字総額の2兆9072億円をはるかに上回っている。つまり日本は、米国との貿易で大きな黒字をあげて、それで他の諸国への貿易赤字を賄っている構造なのだ。日本の企業は、米国内での生産を益々増加させ、それによって過度の対米貿易黒字を減らすとともに、米国自身の蘇生をも助けるべきである。

なお、対米依存から脱却することは、日本が戦前の超国家主義に帰ることを意味しない。日本の歴史では絶対主義・専制主義の伝統は薄く、権力が集中していた時期は稀であった。江戸時代の農村では地主・小作関係より、自作農が形成する村の集まりでのコンセンサス形成が主流であった。

この平等性、そして草の根民主主義の伝統に乗って、日本は格差の小さな先進社会を実現しているので、これを維持していきたい。これは、中国・ロシアより、米国・西欧の文明との親和性が高いものである。

日本では、自由と民主主義と市場経済が根付いており、同様の価値観を根強く維持している米国の復活を助けることは、日本の利益でもある。

(1) “How to Save Globalization” in the November 2018 edition of Foreign Affairs


筆者は元駐ウズベキスタン・タジキスタン大使




一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟


English Speaking Union of Japan > Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW) > What should Japan do as an ally of the “inward-looking United States”?