Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW)/日本からの意見

TOKYO 2020, the Olympic Games without Precedent: An Observation from a Host Country Perspective
OGAWA Gotaro / Special Adviser in charge of international affairs at the Japan Judo Federation, Former Ambassador to Denmark

September 24, 2021
Postponed for one year and amid an acute aggravation of the pandemic situation, the Tokyo Olympic Games closed their 17-day programs without serious disruption. It was almost amazing that it ended this way despite the added difficulties such as heat and humidity and simultaneous occurrence of typhoons during the Olympic period. In many respects, TOKYO 2020 will be remembered as Olympics without precedent. It presents, therefor, a number of important matters for reflection for future Games.

Numerous hurdles and constraints
From the very beginning, the IOC and the Japanese organizers (i.e., Government, Organizing Committee, Japan Olympic Committee (JOC) and Tokyo Metropolis) were in close collaboration steadfastly determined to carry out the games according to the original schedule. But in view of the rapid outbreak of the COVID-19, it was decided in March 2020 to postpone the Games for one year by agreement between the IOC and the Japanese organizers. It was a very painful decision for the latter, but in my opinion, it was even more so for the athletes around the world who had exerted painful efforts preparing for the Olympics as their life-staking challenges.

As member of the All Japan Judo Federation, I personally know the judoists selected for the Olympics and could feel how difficult it was for them to maintain their physical as well as mental conditions strong for another whole year. In Japan the number of infected cases and deaths had been maintained at a low level compared to other major countries, and Prime Minister SUGA Yoshihide reiterated his determination to hold Tokyo Olympics in a safe and secure environment and made strenuous efforts for that purpose. The Japanese organizers worked out stringent rules and measures to curb the movements of athletes, officials and personnel during the Games for sanitary purposes. The prime minister went so far as to say to the effect that Japan would be able to make the Tokyo Olympics as a proof that humanity vanquished the pandemic. But over the year, the specter of the coronavirus not only persisted but showed an explosive rise as the opening of the great event approached. Very regrettably the Japanese side and the IOC were obliged to hold most games without spectators.

Another high hurdle was the persistent skepticism on the part of the Japanese public about holding the Games at this conjuncture. Even a well-known Olympian told me she was not in favor of holding Olympics in the current situation. Skeptics argued that it was evident that the Games would not be carried out in a safe and secure environment, what the value of the Games would be without spectators and without free movement of people.

Games without spectators
“Games without spectators” is another unprecedented feature in the history of Olympic Games. I was personally convinced that this formula nevertheless could well realize the value of Olympics because of my recent experience. Some readers may remember that last December the All Japan Judo Federation organized an unusual single bout to determine the representative of Japan for the 66kg weight category. It was the only category for which an Olympic athlete had not been selected because ABE Hifumi and MARUYAMA Joshiro were the two top judoists whose capabilities were almost equal and there was no other way to determine which one to choose. This bout was held without spectators due to the virus risk. I was staring at the television screen to follow the long-lasted match between the two excellent athletes. It was truly intense that in the serene atmosphere one could hear their respirations, the sound of their steps and the thuds of falling bodies on the tatami floor very clearly. I could also observe the intricate exchanges of their techniques trying to take an advantageous position. It was as if I were watching the duel very closely. Soon after the Federation successively carried out without spectators the Japan Judo Championship (for men) and the Empress Cup Championship (for women) which had been postponed from April because of the pandemic. I watched them closely and felt the same sensation.

This experience brought home to me that the no-spectator-format, if not possible to enable us to enjoy enthusiastic cheers of spectators, can make it possible to appreciate the value and quality of competitions between the world’s top athletes more vividly than otherwise. Moreover, a huge number of people in the world can watch the athletes compete through television and YouTube. Watching television every day during the Olympic period, I was often moved by the scenes of elations of athletes, many heart-warming scenes of friendship among participating athletes of different nations/ethnicities after their competitions. I believe that even without spectators “the Tokyo model” did contribute to the goal of Olympism, which is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind, with a view to promoting a peaceful society.

What we achieved and what we learned from the Tokyo experience
Very luckily TOKYO 2020 ended with no major disruption. Behind the scenes there were a huge number of people working for athletes and organizers; volunteers, medical and sanitary personnel, accommodations and culinary staff, security corps, transportation teams, constructors, furnishers, etc., always conscientiously devoted to their duties. To all of them we are so grateful. Despite the alarming pace of COVID-19 infection in Japan, the Tokyo Olympics recorded the highest level of attendance in terms of participating athletes and countries/regions: more than 11,000 athletes from over 200 countries/regions took part in the Games. The number of events was also record-high. TOKYO 2020 added a few new sports which attracted the younger generation. A great number of miraculous performances and Olympic records amazed people around the world. President of JOC, YAMASHITA Yasuhiro, told me that all the athletes and officials he met at the closing ceremony and thereafter expressed sincere gratitude to Japan for holding the Games in this difficult situation they had so much aspired to participate in. With this positive outcome, some earlier negative public opinion turned more positive about holding the Games. Thanks to TOKYO 2020 the somber atmosphere prevailing under the virulent coronavirus was alleviated for a while and we were able to reconfirm the great value of sports and Olympism.

If the previous Tokyo Olympics of 1964 served as a valuable impetus for Japan’s subsequent economic development, TOKYO 2020 may be remembered in the future as an occasion for promoting its societal transformation. Our organizers have made innovative initiatives and through numerous trials and errors they have learned the ways to make coordination internally and internationally under difficult circumstances. “Unity in Diversity” was one of the visions adopted by Japanese organizers and this helped raise awareness and respect of the Japanese public of the difference in race, color, gender, sexual orientation, etc. In fact, we observed a number of Japanese athletes of mixed race and foreign transgender athletes making excellent performances. The Paralympic Games held in a week will further strengthen the Japanese people’s awareness of and respect for diversity.

Matters for reflection
It will take some time to make objective assessment of the Games just ended. But at this stage I would like to present my personal views on the legacies and lessons learned from the Tokyo experience. TOKYO 2020 carried out under extraordinary circumstances of the pandemic obliged the organizers to take unprecedented ways to cope with the situation. In this regard, the case of Tokyo seems to offer some useful materials for reflection. I would like to make three points below in terms of certain aspects of the recent Olympic Games which have been the object of international criticism.

(1) Mounting cost of hosting Olympics
The splendorous opening ceremonies in London and in Beijing still stay strong in my memory. They were so impressive that I rather enjoyed them but extravagant features of Olympics with its concomitant high cost have begun to deter governments from presenting candidature for hosting. The TOKYO 2020 under the COVID-19 obliged the organizers to simplify or rationalize programs and events. The opening ceremony was somewhat modest. Though it was a little too long, it seemed to display Japan’s national pride in culture, traditional and modern technology, the nation’s resilience in times of disasters and so forth. It demonstrated that without splendor, there should be ways for each hosting nation to present their pride and the joy of gathering in Olympic Games. Japan presented an example. The Olympic community is expected to consider seriously how they can reduce cost without undermining the value and spirit of Olympism.

(2) Tendency towards greater government involvement in vying for medals
Olympic Games are a precious occasion to invigorate and nurture national pride and spirit. It is also a good opportunity for governments to enhance athletic capabilities of their nations. But in reality there are cases in which certain governments extend a large portion of budget with a view to earning as many medals as possible as if it were a business undertaking of a state enterprise. As a result, we witness today an increasing gap between the haves and the have-nots in supporting their athletes. Thus, there exists inequality of opportunities for athletes to participate in Olympics and in certain cases competent athletes change their nationality to be adopted by a wealthy country. The IOC are making efforts to help poorer countries to send more of their athletes to the Games. But more efforts are needed internationally to create a scheme to ensure greater inclusiveness in sports.

Incidentally, Japan, too, is eager to earn many medals and as the host country has recently increased budget to further develop certain athletic events. The Japanese are happy that their athletes earned so many medals this time. It is my humble opinion however, that we as a nation should not be too particular about the number of medals earned. Besides, the Tokyo Olympics were held in an extraordinary situation where opportunities for participation and conditions of training in Japan just prior to actual competition were not equal among countries and athletes due to strict sanitary controls imposed.

(3) Time of holding summer games
TOKYO 2020 was held from July 23 through August 8, the hottest season in the monsoon Japan. Organizers have exerted tremendous efforts to alleviate the effect of heat and humidity on athletes. For example, the venue of marathon and race walking had been changed from Tokyo to normally much cooler Sapporo in the northernmost island of Hokkaido. But this year the heat and humidity were higher than usual including Sapporo! About thirty male marathon runners had to retire on the way of the course because of the severe climatic conditions. The Tokyo Olympics of 1964 were held in October, the time of cool autumnal weather in Japan. It is generally believed that Olympics are held now in mid-summer so that the giant American media which are major sponsors of Olympic Games may concentrate their work on American football and basketball games in the fall season. In recent years, impacts of the climate change have been causing serious damage globally. The timing of current “summer” Olympics should be reconsidered on the “athletes first” principle together with the ways to reduce cost and work out a more rational system of cost bearing.

It is high time the IOC took the lead in launching debates on making necessary reforms in the current Olympic systems.
(August 16, 2020)
――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
OGAWA Gotaro is a former Japanese diplomat, a judo practitioner and serves as Special Adviser in charge of international affairs at the All Japan Judo Federation. Views expressed here are all his personal ones. This essay originally appeared at the online site of the Kasumigaseki Foreign Service Association, Japan.)
The English-Speaking Union of Japan




東京オリンピックで思ったこと
小川 郷太郎 / 全日本柔道連盟特別顧問、元駐デンマーク大使

2021年 9月 24日
前例なきオリンピック大会
1年延期された上にコロナの感染状況は収束するどころか開催が近づいたその時を狙うかのように猖獗を極める中で実施された東京オリンピックは、例年以上の酷暑や台風にも襲われ異例ずくめの大会となった。菅首相は当初より「安心安全」の大会を標榜し、一時は東京オリンピック開催によって「人類がコロナに打ち勝った証にしたい」とまで述べて強い決意を示したが、結果的には大部分の競技は無観客での実施となり、各国選手や関係者の行動も「バブル方式」による厳しい管理を余儀なくされた。コロナ禍の中での開催に消極的な国内世論は過半数を超えた時期もあり、大会開催に異議を唱える人々は、オリンピック・パラリンピックは平和で安全な状況の中で行われるべきであるが今はそのような状況にないと主張し、無観客での競技にどれほどの意義があるのかと強い疑念を呈した。

こうした未曾有の難局の中で17日間の日程を大きな破綻なく終了したのは信じられないほどの幸運な結果であった。大変な重圧の中で大会実現に粉骨砕身した関係者とその裏で選手や運営陣を支える無数のボランティア、医療・衛生関係者、宿泊・食事・輸送等に携わる人々が昼夜を問わず常に献身的に活動した事実を想うとき、我々はこれらすべての人々に深い感謝と敬意の気持ちを表明するばかりである。

日本オリンピック委員会の山下泰裕会長から、閉会式を終えた直後に実に多くの各国・地域の選手や役員たちが困難な中で開催を実現した日本側に口々に深い感謝の気持ちが表明されたことを聞いた。予想以上に多くの人が感情をこめて言ってくれたそうで、それはオリンピックを夢みて全力を挙げて準備をしてきた選手たちからの出場が実現したことへの強い感謝の念だったようだ。選手の立場もいろいろあるが、不自由な状況でも大多数の参加選手が喜んでくれたことに救われる思いがする。
 
無観客のオリンピック開催の意義
筆者は全日本柔道連盟の特別顧問を仰せつかっていることから、オリンピックに出場する日本の柔道選手たちを身近に見守ってきた。世界で最高のレベルにある日本の柔道選手にとって、世界選手権で優勝することより各階級に1名しか選ばれない日本のオリンピック代表に選ばれる方が難しいともいわれる状況の中で、何年かにわたりたゆまず奮闘努力してきた選手たちにとって1年延期の辛苦はいかばかりかと察するに余りある。柔道に限らないが、2020年7月を目指して最高の状態に仕上げた心身の強さを、1年後の開催さえ不確定なコロナ禍のなかでもう1年間維持して行くためには強じんな精神力が必要だ。万一2021年も不開催になった場合の選手の挫折感は想像を絶するほどであっただろう。

筆者はこのような選手たちの気持ちを思い、オリンピックは万難を排して開催すべきとの立場を堅持してきたが、その後ある経験から、たとえ無観客となっても開催には大きな意義があることを確信するようになった。それは昨年12月、全日本柔道連盟が代表選手が決まっていない唯一の階級である66kg級の代表を決めるための阿部一二三と丸山城志郎両選手の一騎打ちの単独の公式試合を実施したときのことである。コロナ対策のため講道館で無観客で行われた異例の対決を私は目を凝らしてテレビ画面を見つめた。実力互角の世界トップの両選手の戦いは延長戦に入っても長く続いた。観客のいない静かな畳の上で、両選手の息づかいや畳を擦る足の音、倒れた時の勢いのある衝撃音が鮮烈に聞こえる。長い試合の中での組み手争いや技の攻防の卓越した技術と両選手の気迫がテレビの大写しの中で実に迫真力をもって伝わってきた。観客の声援の中で距離を置いてみる通常の観戦とは違う思いがけない効果を感じた。その直後に全柔連は4月から延期されていた全日本柔道選手権と女子の選手権である皇后杯を相次いで実施した。このときも講道館で無観客での実施であったが、阿部・丸山決戦と同様の感慨を覚えた。オリンピックが無観客となったとしても、世界の最高レベルの選手たちの素晴らしいパーフォーマンスとその競い合いはテレビやYouTubeを通じて関心をもつ世界中の人々が仔細に観戦できるであろう、試合後の各国選手間の交歓や友情もテレビに映し出されるであろう。だから、この形でもオリンピックの価値は十分発揮できるであろうと確信するようになった。オリンピック期間中、連日多くの競技をテレビで観戦したが、あの時の確信は間違っていなかったと思う。

東京五輪が残した成果と課題
東京大会の多難さをみると、パリ大会以降は感染症や温暖化などの災害がない平和で安全な環境下で実施されることを切に願うものである。ともあれ、多難な状況下に異例の形で実施された今回のオリンピックから、いくつかの教訓や今後の課題を汲みとることができる。

(1)「多様性と調和」
最近の日本では「ダイバーシティとインクルージョン」などの言葉が使われるようになった。「多様性と調和」をビジョンの一つに掲げた今回のオリンピックではジェンダー平等、人種や性的多様性などを尊重する取り組みが行われ、実際にも人種的背景を異にする日本人選手の活躍やトランスジェンダー選手の出場などで新たな感動や気付きを味わった人も少なくなかったと想う。1964年の東京オリンピックはその後の日本の経済発展への大きな契機となったが、今回オリンピックのあとに行われるパラリンピックと相まって日本人の多様性への認識や尊重の念が深まって行くことになれば日本にとっての一つの遺産(レガシー)となるかも知れない。

(2)簡素化
ロンドン大会や北京大会の開会式の華麗さは印象的で未だに記憶に残るが、近年オリンピック大会が壮大で華美になる傾向が見られる。しかし、絢爛豪華さの覇を競うかのような傾向は開催国や開催都市の財政的負担を増大させることから、開催地として立候補する都市や国が減少しつつある。思うに、表面的な華麗さはオリンピズムにとって不可欠の要素ではない。TOKYO2020は、コロナ禍の中で開閉会式や大部分の競技を無観客にしたり入場する関係者数を極力減らすなど前例のない簡素化や合理化の措置を実施した。今回の開会式は、時間的に長過ぎたきらいはあったものの、控えめな雰囲気の中で日本の文化や伝統、自然災害に対する日本人の耐性などへの誇りが表現され、テレビを通じて全世界に発信された。東京大会の方式は今後に引き継がれる訳ではないが、今回の経験を契機に、批判も浴びるようになった華美なオリンピックの式典や競技を簡素化し経費節減をはかる方策等について国際的にしっかりした議論が開始されることが切に望まれる。

(3)メダル至上主義と参加環境の衡平性
オリンピックやパラリンピックは選手個人にとっては自己啓発の、国家にとっては国民の体育強化や国威発揚のまたとない機会である。それを目指して精進し競い合うことは、スポーツの質を高め、競い合いを通じて国際的平和に貢献する点で健全なことでもあるが、その成果の象徴でもあるメダルにこだわり過ぎると弊害も生じる。近年、国威発揚の見地から、政府が多数のメダル獲得を目指してあたかも国のビジネスでもあるかのように多額の予算を充当する傾向が見られる。問題はそうした財力を持てる国と持たざる国の間に格差が生じることである。選手を育成する環境を提供できない国の優秀な選手が自分の国籍を捨ててより豊かな国の支援を求めて国籍変更をする例も見られるようになった。国際オリンピック委員会(IOC)や国際競技連盟は途上国の選手の参加機会の拡大にも務めているが、さらに努力を拡大するべきである。

因みに、日本政府も東京オリンピック・パラリンピックを念頭に有望種目での選手強化のための予算を拡充してきた。その成果もあって、今回日本選手がオリンピックで獲得したメダル数は史上最多となった。それ自体喜ぶべきことではあるが、メダル獲得数に過度にこだわるのは好ましくない。世界的なコロナ禍のため、各国間の参加環境や選手たちにとって日本に入国してから競技までの期間の練習環境の格差は大きかったので、日本は今回のメダル獲得数は控えめに誇ることが良い。

(4)「夏の大会」開催時期の問題
東京五輪は7月23日から8月8日まで行われた。アジアモンスーン域に属する日本でも最も暑い時期である。日本の開催関係者はマラソンと競歩の場所を東京から札幌に変更するなど様々な暑さ対策に多くの努力をした。今年は運悪く暑さと湿度が例年以上で、しかも札幌も東京とさほど変わらない気候となったため、男子マラソンでは暑さや湿度のため約30名の選手が途中で棄権をするほどの結果となった。1964年の東京オリンピックは気候の良い10月に行われた。「夏季オリンピック」として7月から8月に開催されるようになったのは、オリンピックの主要スポンサーであるアメリカのメディアが秋に行われるアメリカの野球やフットボールのシーズンとオリンピック開催時期が重ならないようにするためだとされている。

近年気候変動の影響が高まり、世界各地でも大雨・洪水や旱魃の被害が顕著に増大している。オリンピック開催時期を「アスリート・ファースト」の見地から再検討すべく、IOCが自らイニシアチブを取り、大会経費の節減やより衡平な分担方法等の問題を含めて国際的に真剣に議論することが望まれる。
(2021年8月20日記)

筆者は全日本柔道連盟特別顧問、元駐デンマーク大使。本稿は霞関会会報に掲載されたもので、個人的見解である。
一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟


English Speaking Union of Japan > Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW) > TOKYO 2020, the Olympic Games without Precedent: An Observation from a Host Country Perspective