Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW)/日本からの意見

The Unbearable Smallness of Japan’s Economy (part 1)
Akio Kawato / Former Ambassador of Japan to Uzbekistan& Former Chief Economist, Development Bank of Japan

May 14, 2024
Part 1: While Japan shrank by deflation, the outside world swelled by inflation

These days in Japan, there is a string of demoralizing news stories, such as Japan being overtaken by Germany in terms of GDP or by India next year.

In Japan, the strong yen in the early 2010s caused a considerable outflow of manufacturing industries overseas, certainly reducing its GDP. Moreover, in Western countries (Europe and the United States), inflation has continued to rise due to monetary easing since the Lehman Brothers financial crisis in 2008, and the price levels have doubled (with wages rising). However, in Japan, the prices and wages have remained ultra-stable for a long time. Since the currency rates between Japan and Western countries did not change much during this period, Japan has fallen far behind Western countries in terms of the US dollar value of GDP.

In other words, Japan's declining position is just a phenomenon in numbers while the real standard of living keeps rising. Last year, an unprecedented 2.7 million foreign tourists (mostly from Western countries) visited Japan in December alone. and this is partly because Japan is a comfortable society. Japanese cities are clean and convenient, and the shops provide decent service. People seem to be reasonably happy and free. To those in the U.S. and Europe who have become weary of immigrant workers, high prices, rising inequalities, and the social climate that demands confrontation rather than compromise, Japan appears to be El Dorado, with reasonably low prices.

The delay in interest rates cut after the Lehman crisis led to the yen's appreciation and deflationary tendencies
After the Plaza Accord in 1985, Japan lost much of its export growth due to the appreciation of the yen, and it also lost much of its domestic demand when the bubble economy burst in 1991. Since then, the Japanese economy has been in an almost permanent crisis, with interest rates stuck at low levels. The short-term prime rate fell from 8% in 1990 to 2,0% in 1995 and to 1,8% just before the Lehman crisis.

In September 2008, after the Lehman crisis, the U.S. and European Central Banks promptly cut interest rates in unison. The U.S. Fed lowered its policy rate from 2% to 1.5%, half a month later to 1% on October 31, and to virtually zero on December 16. In Japan, the short-term prime rate still stood at 1,475% in January 2009, making the interest rate level higher than in the US. This has caused the yen to appreciate, from about 100 yen per dollar in 2008 to below 80 yen per dollar in 2013. This has greatly increased the outflow of Japanese companies, in manufacturing and other sectors, to overseas locations.

The Lehman crisis brought the placement of orders from overseas to Japanese companies to a halt, and Japan's GDP shrank by about 8.3% (from 2007 to 2009) in yen terms at that time. Its GDP was pushed down even further as manufacturing companies went overseas.

In 2013, with the bold monetary easing initiated under the new Abe administration, the Bank of Japan bought government bonds close to one year's worth of GDP, close to the magnitude of the Bank of England’s purchase of government bonds during the Napoleonic Wars in the early 19th century and the US Fed's bond purchases during WWII. Such an extravagance is unprecedented in peacetime. With this “extra-dimensional easing, the interest rates were lowered to a negative level and the yen started to fall from its peak of 80 yen per US dollar to a level between 110 and 120 yen.

Japan and the West now live on different planets (in price structures)
In the years immediately following the Lehman Brothers crisis, Europe and the U.S. on the one hand, and Japan on the other literally took on "different dimensions" in their domestic price structures. While the inflation continued to rise and the wages followed apace in Europe and the U.S., neither the price of goods nor the wages changed in Japan. Between 2008 and 2022, the total increase in the consumer price index in the U.S. reached 47%. During that period, the U.S. nominal GDP almost doubled; this means that half of that increase was in fact like a blister bloated by inflation.

In other words, the West sustained its economy by tolerating inflation, while Japan maintained stability in its lifestyle through deflation. In Japan, companies did not want to raise wages and the people resisted raising the prices of goods. Consequently, gaps continued to widen further between the price levels of Europe and the U.S. and Japan. The average wage in Japan is now about $2,000, half of the $4,000 in Germany. However, the price of a Big Mac is $3,17 in Japan and $5,82 in Germany (eurozone). In other words, the U.S. and Europe appear to have high wages, but prices are high, and there is not much difference between Japan, the US and the EU in terms of real living standards. In other words, the price levels have doubled in the Western countries only in labels.

Extricating ourselves from the curse of deflation
That does not mean that Japan should stay the same. Japan must maintain the virtuous cycle that has finally begun: higher wages ⇒ increased domestic demand ⇒ increased investment ⇒ increased sales ⇒ higher wages.

Japan must also improve its competitiveness to maintain exports that are sufficient to cover imports. While it is inevitable that the imports of IT and AI-related products will increase, it would be nice to have the ability to use these products to generate significant added value in Japan and, if possible, export them as well.

In Japan, an increasing number of people are saying that economic growth is no longer necessary. However, if economic growth is halted at a time when pension payments will increase and defense spending will have to rise, Japan's economy will not be able to carry on. Environmental problems and widening inequality caused by economic activities should be addressed in parallel with growth, not by halting growth.

KAWATO Akio is a Former Ambassador of Japan to Uzbekistan and a Former Chief Economist, Development Bank of Japan
The English-Speaking Union of Japan




不当に縮んで見える日本経済 (その1)
河東 哲夫 / 元日本政策投資銀行設備投資研究所上席主任研究員

2024年 5月 14日
その1:インフレで膨らんだ世界と、デフレで縮んだ日本 

この頃の日本では、GDPでドイツに抜かれたとか、来年はインドに抜かれるとか、やる気がなくなるニュースが相次ぐ。日本では、2010年代初期の円高で、製造業が随分海外に流出してしまったので、その分、GDPは確かに減った。しかも、欧米諸国では2008年リーマン・ブラザーズ金融危機以降の金融緩和でインフレが続き、価格水準が約2倍になっている(賃金も上がっている)のに対して、日本は価格も賃金も長らく超安定。日本と欧米諸国との通貨レートはこの間さして変わらなかったから、GDPの名目額で、日本は欧米諸国に大きな差をつけられた。

つまり、日本の地位低下は数字上の話しで、実際の生活水準はむしろ上がっている。20年前に比べれば、新築の住宅の水準など随分上がった。昨年は12月だけで270万人強と、空前の数の外国人観光客が来日したが(欧米諸国からが多い)、これは日本が居心地の良い社会であることも関係している。日本の都市は清潔で便利で、店での対応はきちんとしている。人々は(一応)幸せで自由に見える。移民労働者と高物価と格差の増大、そして妥協より対立を求める社会の風潮に疲れた米国、欧州の連中には、今の日本はエルドラド、しかも低物価なのだ。

リーマン危機直後、利下げの後れが円高とデフレ傾向をもたらした

日本は、1985年のプラザ合意後の円高で輸出の増加が止まり、1991年のバブル崩壊で内需も大きく失った。以後、日本経済はほぼ万年危機で、金利は低水準に貼り付いたまま。短期プライムレートは1990年に8%だったのが、95年には2,0%、リーマン危機直前には1,8%にまで落ちていた。

2008年9月リーマン危機で、米欧の中銀は協調して敏速な利下げに出る。米連銀は政策金利を2%から1,5%に下げ、半月後の10月31日には1%に、12月16日には実質ゼロの水準に下げた。日本では、短期プライムレートは2009年1月になっても1,475%あり、米国に比べて金利水準が高くなる。これで円高になり、2008年には1ドル100円ほどだったのが、2013年には80円を割る。これで製造業を初め、日本の企業は海外への流出度を大きく高めた。

リーマン危機で日本企業への海外からの注文はぴたりと止まって、日本のGDPはこの時、円ベースで約8,3%(2007年から2009年にかけて)縮小している。製造業の海外への流出で、GDPは更に縮小した。

2013年、安倍新政権の下で始まった大胆な金融緩和で、日銀は1年分のGDPに近い国債を買い込む。19世紀初めナポレオン戦争の際のイングランド銀行、第2次大戦時、米連銀による国債買い入れのマグニチュードに近い。平時には異例のことだ。この異次元緩和で金利はマイナス水準となり、円は1ドル80円のピークから、1ドル110円と120円の間を推移するようになる。

日本と欧米は、違う価格体系を生きている

このリーマン直後の数年で、欧米と日本は国内の価格体系が文字通り「異次元」のものになっていく。欧米ではインフレが続き、賃金もそれに追いついていったのに対し、日本ではモノの価格も賃金も変わらなかった。2008年から2022年にかけて、米国での消費者物価指数の上昇は合計で47%に達している。その間、米国の名目GDPは実にほぼ倍増しているが、その半分はインフレに支えられた水ぶくれだったことになる。

言ってみれば、欧米はインフレを容認することで経済を維持し、日本はデフレによって生活の安定を維持したのだ。日本では、企業は賃金を上げようとせず、国民はモノの値上げに抵抗したから、欧米と日本の価格水準はどんどん乖離していった。今や日本での平均賃金は約2000ドルで、ドイツの約4000ドルの半分になっている。ところが、ビッグ・マックの価格は日本が3,17ドル、ドイツ(ユーロ圏)が5,82ドル。つまり米欧は高賃金に見えるが、物価が高く、実質的な生活水準で日本との差はあまりない。言ってみれば、欧米諸国では価格表示が二倍になっただけのことなのだ。

このままでは本当にジリ貧

だからと言って、日本はこのままでいいわけではない。やっと始まった賃上げ⇒内需拡大⇒投資増大⇒売上増加⇒賃上げの好循環を維持しなければならない。

そして輸入を賄えるだけの輸出を維持するため、競争力を磨かなければならない。IT、AI関係の輸入が増えるのは仕方ないが、それを使って日本国内で大きな付加価値を生み出し、できれば輸出にも回す力がついたらいい。
日本では、「経済成長なんてもういらない」という人が増えている。しかしこれから年金支払いは増え、国防費も増やさなければならない時に、経済成長を止めれば、日本の経済は回らなくなる。経済活動がもたらす環境問題、格差拡大は、成長を止めることによってではなく、成長と並行して取り組んでいくべきだ。

筆者は元駐ウズベキスタン大使
一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟


English Speaking Union of Japan > Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW) > The Unbearable Smallness of Japan’s Economy (part 1)